Class 10 NCERT Solutions provide comprehensive and step-by-step explanations for all the questions included in the NCERT textbooks. These solutions are designed to help students understand complex concepts and improve their problem-solving skills across subjects like Maths, Science, Social Science, English, and Hindi. Prepared by subject experts, these solutions follow the latest CBSE guidelines, ensuring accuracy and alignment with the Class 10 syllabus. With clear explanations and illustrative examples, NCERT Solutions help students grasp key concepts, making exam preparation more effective. They serve as a valuable resource for students aiming for high scores in their board exams.
Subject Wise Chapter Solution
Class 10 English
Class 10 English aims to develop students’ reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills while fostering a deeper appreciation of literature. The course encourages students to understand and interpret various forms of prose, poetry, and drama, while also honing their language abilities through grammar and creative writing exercises. By exploring a wide range of texts, students gain exposure to diverse themes, styles, and cultural contexts, which helps them develop critical thinking and empathy. Class 10 English plays a vital role in preparing students for board exams and equips them with the language skills needed for higher studies and everyday communication.
Syllabus Overview
The Class 10 English syllabus is divided into three key sections: Reading, Writing and Grammar, and Literature. Here is a detailed overview of each section:
1. Reading Section
This section focuses on enhancing students’ comprehension skills through unseen passages. It aims to develop their ability to interpret, analyze, and infer meaning from various types of texts, such as factual and discursive passages.
- Unseen Passage 1: A factual passage with multiple-choice and short-answer questions.
- Unseen Passage 2: A discursive passage requiring students to summarize, infer, and analyze information.
2. Writing and Grammar
The Writing and Grammar section helps students improve their writing skills, ensuring clarity, coherence, and effective communication. It also emphasizes mastering key grammatical concepts.
Writing Skills:
- Formal Letter Writing: Letters based on complaints, requests, and enquiries.
- Analytical Paragraph Writing: Interpreting data from graphs, charts, or maps.
- Story Writing: Creating engaging stories based on given outlines or prompts.
Grammar:
- Tenses and modals for expressing various actions and moods.
- Subject-verb agreement and the use of determiners.
- Reported speech for converting direct to indirect speech.
- Active and passive voice transformations.
3. Literature Section
This section aims to deepen students’ understanding of literature through a range of prose, poetry, and drama from the NCERT-prescribed textbooks. It helps students analyze characters, themes, and literary devices, fostering a love for reading.
First Flight (Prose and Poetry):
- Prose: Includes engaging stories like A Letter to God, Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom, The Hundred Dresses, The Sermon at Benares, and more.
- Poetry: Features poems such as Dust of Snow, Fire and Ice, A Tiger in the Zoo, and The Ball Poem. Each poem encourages reflection on various themes and literary styles.
Footprints Without Feet (Supplementary Reader):
- This supplementary book includes short stories like The Triumph of Surgery, The Thief’s Story, Footprints Without Feet, and The Necklace, offering additional opportunities for literary analysis.
Assessment Pattern
- Internal Assessment: 20 Marks (includes periodic tests, listening and speaking activities, and notebook submission).
- Board Exam: 80 Marks (covering the reading, writing, and literature sections).
Focus on Practical Learning
The Class 10 English syllabus is designed not just for academic excellence but also for real-world communication. It emphasizes reading comprehension, structured writing, and literary appreciation, making students well-rounded in their understanding of English. The course prepares students for the CBSE board exams while also helping them develop skills that are crucial for their future studies and effective communication.
Class 10 Hindi
Hindi-B Syllabus
Hindi-B focuses more on practical language skills, making it suitable for students who wish to improve their command of Hindi through structured learning and a more streamlined literary component.
1. पाठ्यक्रम (Course Content)
स्पर्श (Sparsh – भाग 2): The main literature textbook for Hindi-B, offering a balanced mix of prose and poetry.
- गद्य खंड (Prose Section): Includes chapters like सपनों के से दिन, टोपी शुक्ला, and other stories that help students explore narrative forms and human values.
- काव्य खंड (Poetry Section): Features poems like रवींद्रनाथ ठाकुर की कविता, मैथिलीशरण गुप्त के पद, and others, encouraging students to appreciate poetic expression.
संचयन (Sanchayan – भाग 2): A supplementary reader that includes additional prose works such as हरिहर काका, सपनों के से दिन, and मृत्युंजय.
2. व्याकरण और लेखन (Grammar and Writing Skills)
- This section is similar to Hindi-A but with a more practical approach:
- समास (Compound Words), तत्सम-तद्भव (Sanskrit-Derived Words), संधि विच्छेद (Word Splitting).
- लेखन (Writing): Formal letter writing, essays, and paragraph writing to refine writing abilities and creative thinking.
Assessment Pattern for Both Streams
- Internal Assessment: 20 Marks, including periodic tests, notebook submission, and subject enrichment activities.
- Board Exam: 80 Marks, covering all aspects of the syllabus—literature, grammar, and writing.
Focus on Holistic Language Learning
The Class 10 Hindi syllabus is designed to provide a balanced approach to language learning, emphasizing both creative expression and analytical thinking. By studying diverse literary works, students gain insights into Indian culture, heritage, and social values. The syllabus aims to strengthen students’ command of Hindi while fostering an appreciation for the language’s rich literary tradition. This comprehensive approach ensures that students are well-prepared for board exams and are equipped with the skills needed for effective communication in Hindi.
Class 10 Maths
Class 10 Maths is a pivotal subject that serves as the foundation for advanced mathematical concepts and real-world problem-solving skills. It is designed to enhance students’ analytical thinking and provide a deep understanding of various mathematical principles. The subject plays a crucial role in preparing students for higher studies, especially in fields like science, engineering, and economics. Through a combination of theoretical knowledge and practical problem-solving, Class 10 Maths encourages logical reasoning, critical thinking, and precision.
Syllabus Overview
The Class 10 Maths syllabus is structured into key units, each focusing on different mathematical areas, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the subject. Here’s an overview of the main topics covered:
1. Number Systems: Real numbers, Euclid’s division lemma, and properties of rational and irrational numbers. It builds on the concepts of prime factorization and their applications.
2. Algebra: This includes several crucial concepts:
- Polynomials: Understanding the relationship between zeros and coefficients of polynomials.
- Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables: Methods for solving linear equations, including graphical and algebraic methods like substitution and elimination.
- Quadratic Equations: Solutions through factorization and the quadratic formula.
- Arithmetic Progression (AP): Deriving and solving problems based on the nth term and the sum of n terms.
3. Coordinate Geometry: Focuses on the concepts of the Cartesian plane, distance formula, section formula, and area of a triangle. It helps in understanding geometric representations using coordinates.
4. Geometry: This section delves into:
- Triangles: Concepts of similarity, criteria for similarity, and solving problems related to similar triangles.
- Circles: Theorems related to tangents to a circle and their applications.
- Constructions: Drawing similar triangles and constructing tangents to circles using geometric tools.
5. Trigonometry: Introduction to trigonometric ratios, identities, and their applications in solving problems involving heights and distances. It helps students understand the relationship between angles and sides of triangles.
6. Mensuration: Deals with the calculation of areas and volumes of various 2D and 3D shapes:
- Surface Areas and Volumes: Calculations for shapes like cubes, cuboids, spheres, cones, cylinders, and hemispheres.
- Applications of Mensuration: Real-life problem-solving involving complex shapes and their surface areas or volumes.
7. Statistics and Probability:
- Statistics: Covers the calculation of mean, median, mode, and drawing cumulative frequency curves. It helps students analyze and interpret data.
- Probability: Introduces basic probability concepts and simple experiments, guiding students to calculate the likelihood of events.
Focus on Practical Application
The syllabus emphasizes real-world applications of mathematical concepts, making the subject more relatable and engaging. Numerous exercises, practical problems, and activities are included to help students grasp concepts and apply them to everyday situations. This approach not only aids in board exam preparation but also fosters a deeper understanding that is essential for advanced studies.
Overall, the Class 10 Maths syllabus is designed to provide a well-rounded mathematical education, equipping students with the skills and knowledge needed for both academic and practical success. It is a stepping stone that helps students build confidence and prepares them for challenges in future studies.
Class 10 Science
Class 10 Science is a foundational subject that explores key concepts in Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, providing a comprehensive understanding of natural phenomena, chemical reactions, and life processes. The course is designed to stimulate curiosity, critical thinking, and scientific reasoning among students. Through a combination of theoretical lessons, practical experiments, and real-life applications, it helps students develop a strong conceptual base that is crucial for advanced studies in science-related fields. Class 10 Science not only prepares students for their board exams but also equips them with knowledge that is relevant to everyday life and various career paths.
Syllabus Overview
The Class 10 Science syllabus is divided into three main sections: Physics, Chemistry, and Biology. Each section focuses on fundamental principles, with emphasis on understanding and applying scientific concepts.
1. Physics
Physics in Class 10 focuses on understanding the fundamental laws of nature, exploring concepts related to motion, electricity, light, and energy. It emphasizes the practical applications of these concepts in daily life.
Light: Reflection and Refraction:
- Principles of reflection and refraction, behavior of light through spherical mirrors and lenses, ray diagrams, and applications like magnification.
Human Eye and Colorful World:
- Structure and functioning of the human eye, vision defects, and their corrections, dispersion of light, and atmospheric refraction.
Electricity:
- Concepts of electric current, resistance, Ohm’s law, series and parallel circuits, heating effects of current, and the power of electrical appliances.
Magnetic Effects of Electric Current:
- Magnetic field and its properties, electromagnets, and electric motors, and their applications in real life.
Sources of Energy:
- Different forms of energy, conventional and non-conventional energy sources, and the importance of sustainable energy.
2. Chemistry
Chemistry in Class 10 delves into the nature of substances, chemical reactions, and the periodic table, helping students understand how different elements and compounds interact.
- Chemical Reactions and Equations:
- Types of chemical reactions (combination, decomposition, displacement), balancing chemical equations, and real-life examples of reactions.
- Acids, Bases, and Salts:
- Understanding the properties of acids, bases, and salts, pH scale, common salts like sodium chloride, and their uses in everyday life.
- Metals and Non-metals:
- Physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals, reactivity series, and the formation of ionic compounds.
- Carbon and Its Compounds:
- Covalent bonding, versatile nature of carbon, hydrocarbons, functional groups, soaps, and detergents.
- Periodic Classification of Elements:
- Introduction to the modern periodic table, trends in the periodic table like atomic size, valency, and properties of elements.
3. Biology
Biology in Class 10 focuses on the study of living organisms, their functions, and their interaction with the environment. It encourages students to explore life processes and the role of human activities in the ecosystem.
- Life Processes:
- Understanding basic life processes like nutrition, respiration, transportation, and excretion in plants and animals.
- Control and Coordination:
- The nervous system and endocrine system in animals, coordination in plants, and the role of hormones in human beings.
- How do Organisms Reproduce?:
- Different modes of reproduction in plants and animals, human reproductive system, and the importance of reproductive health.
- Heredity and Evolution:
- Concepts of heredity, inheritance of traits, Mendel’s experiments, and the basics of evolution.
- Our Environment:
- Ecosystems, food chains, energy flow, and human impact on the environment, including pollution and waste management.
- Management of Natural Resources:
- Conservation and sustainable management of natural resources like forests, wildlife, water, and coal and petroleum.
Assessment Pattern
- Internal Assessment: 20 Marks, which includes periodic tests, practical work, projects, and notebook submissions.
- Board Exam: 80 Marks, covering all the chapters from Physics, Chemistry, and Biology.
Focus on Practical Learning
The Class 10 Science syllabus includes a variety of practical experiments and activities to reinforce theoretical concepts. These experiments help students observe and understand scientific principles firsthand, such as verifying laws of reflection, studying the properties of acids and bases, and understanding photosynthesis through plant experiments. This hands-on approach ensures that students not only memorize concepts but also gain a deeper understanding through real-world applications.
The comprehensive structure of Class 10 Science is designed to equip students with the skills and knowledge needed for higher education in science, as well as to foster a scientific temperament that benefits everyday life.
Class 10 Social Science
Class 10 Social Science provides students with a deep understanding of the world around them by covering diverse aspects of history, geography, political science, and economics. The subject is designed to help students develop a well-rounded perspective on historical events, geographical phenomena, the functioning of political systems, and economic principles. By studying Social Science, students gain insights into how societies have evolved, how they interact with their physical environment, how governance and policies shape lives, and how economies function. This comprehensive knowledge base prepares students for informed citizenship, critical thinking, and awareness of global and national issues, while also laying the foundation for higher studies in the humanities and social sciences.
Syllabus Overview
The Class 10 Social Science syllabus is divided into four main areas: History, Geography, Political Science, and Economics. Each area focuses on different aspects of social sciences, offering a balanced and interdisciplinary understanding of human society.
1. History (India and the Contemporary World – II)
The History section explores significant events and themes that have shaped the modern world and India’s place within it. It emphasizes understanding the socio-political and economic changes that have influenced contemporary society.
Nationalism in Europe:
- The rise of nationalism, the formation of nation-states, and the unification of Germany and Italy. The chapter also explores how nationalism led to changes across Europe.
Nationalism in India:
- The struggle for independence, key movements like the Non-Cooperation Movement and Civil Disobedience Movement, and the role of key figures like Mahatma Gandhi.
The Making of a Global World:
- Global trade, colonialism, and the impacts of globalization, as well as how economic interconnections have influenced modern societies.
The Age of Industrialization:
- The growth of industries in Europe and India, the effects of industrialization on societies, and the changes in production methods.
Print Culture and the Modern World:
- The history of print technology, its impact on literacy, and the spread of ideas through print in Europe and India.
2. Geography (Contemporary India – II)
Geography focuses on understanding the physical and human geography of India, exploring how geographical features influence human life, agriculture, industries, and resource management.
Resources and Development:
- Types of resources, their distribution, and the need for sustainable development and conservation.
Forest and Wildlife Resources:
- Biodiversity, the importance of forests and wildlife, and strategies for conservation and sustainable use of natural resources.
Water Resources:
- The distribution of water resources in India, the importance of water conservation, and multipurpose river projects.
Agriculture:
- Types of farming, cropping patterns, and the significance of agriculture in the Indian economy.
Minerals and Energy Resources:
- Classification of minerals, their distribution, and conventional and non-conventional energy sources.
Manufacturing Industries:
- Industrial development in India, the location of industries, and the role of industries in the economy.
Lifelines of National Economy:
- Transportation, communication, and international trade as the backbone of India’s economy.
3. Political Science (Democratic Politics – II)
Political Science aims to provide students with an understanding of the principles and functioning of democracy, along with the various challenges and opportunities in a democratic society.
Power Sharing:
- The concept of power sharing in a democracy, its importance, and examples from different countries.
Federalism:
- Understanding the federal structure of India, the relationship between the central and state governments, and how federalism is practiced in India.
Democracy and Diversity:
- The challenges of diversity in a democracy, the role of social differences, and the impact of movements for equality.
Gender, Religion, and Caste:
- Issues related to social inequality, the role of gender, religion, and caste in Indian politics, and the need for inclusivity.
Popular Struggles and Movements:
- Case studies of popular movements and their role in strengthening democracy.
Political Parties:
- The role, functions, and importance of political parties in a democratic system.
Outcomes of Democracy:
- The effectiveness of democracy in delivering economic, social, and political outcomes.
Challenges to Democracy:
- Analyzing the limitations and challenges that democracies face and exploring ways to overcome them.
4. Economics (Understanding Economic Development)
The Economics section introduces students to basic economic concepts and their application in the real world, focusing on economic development and the factors influencing it.
Development:
- The concept of development, comparing different aspects like income, education, health, and other indicators of human development.
Sectors of the Indian Economy:
- Understanding primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors, their role in India’s economy, and the concept of organized and unorganized sectors.
Money and Credit:
- The role of money in the economy, modern forms of money, the role of banks, and concepts like credit and self-help groups.
Globalization and the Indian Economy:
- The process of globalization, its impact on the Indian economy, and the role of multinational corporations (MNCs).
Consumer Rights:
- Awareness about consumer rights, responsibilities, and the legal measures available to protect consumers.
Assessment Pattern
- Internal Assessment: 20 Marks, which include periodic tests, project work, and notebook submission.
- Board Exam: 80 Marks, covering all sections—History, Geography, Political Science, and Economics.
Focus on Practical Learning
The Class 10 Social Science syllabus is designed to be interactive, with a focus on project work and activities that help students apply their learning to real-world scenarios. This approach not only prepares them for board exams but also enhances their understanding of social, political, and economic issues. Through case studies, map work, and engaging with historical events and geographical data, students gain practical knowledge that is crucial for their overall development as informed and responsible citizens.
The syllabus ensures a balanced perspective, helping students appreciate the interconnectedness of historical, geographical, political, and economic processes, making it a well-rounded subject that contributes to their holistic education.